Picture orientation and quality metrics supplemental enhancement information message for video coding

ABSTRACT

Video encoders and video decoders are configured to supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages. The SEI messages may include picture orientation transform type syntax elements that indicate how a picture may be rotated and/or mirrored. The SEI messages may also include quality metrics.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/170,267, filed Apr. 2, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Application No.63/214,378, filed Jun. 24, 2021, the entire content of each of which isincorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to video encoding and video decoding.

BACKGROUND

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range ofdevices, including digital televisions, digital direct broadcastsystems, wireless broadcast systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs),laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, e-book readers, digitalcameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gamingdevices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones,so-called “smart phones,” video teleconferencing devices, videostreaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement videocoding techniques, such as those described in the standards defined byMPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced VideoCoding (AVC), ITU-T H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), ITU-TH.266/Versatile Video Coding (VVC), and extensions of such standards, aswell as proprietary video codecs/formats such as AOMedia Video 1 (AV1)that was developed by the Alliance for Open Media. The video devices maytransmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital videoinformation more efficiently by implementing such video codingtechniques.

Video coding techniques include spatial (intra-picture) predictionand/or temporal (inter-picture) prediction to reduce or removeredundancy inherent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, avideo slice (e.g., a video picture or a portion of a video picture) maybe partitioned into video blocks, which may also be referred to ascoding tree units (CTUs), coding units (CUs) and/or coding nodes. Videoblocks in an intra-coded (I) slice of a picture are encoded usingspatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboringblocks in the same picture. Video blocks in an inter-coded (P or B)slice of a picture may use spatial prediction with respect to referencesamples in neighboring blocks in the same picture or temporal predictionwith respect to reference samples in other reference pictures. Picturesmay be referred to as frames, and reference pictures may be referred toas reference frames.

SUMMARY

In general, this disclosure describes techniques for coding video data.In particular, this disclosure describes techniques for encoding anddecoding messages (e.g., supplemental enhancement information (SEI)messages and/or other packetized structures) that include metadata thatassist in processing (e.g., decoding, displaying, etc.) video data. Themessages of this disclosure may include syntax elements that indicatethe orientation of a picture and/or transforms to apply to decodedpictures that may be used to rotate and/or mirror the decoded pictureinto a desired orientation. The syntax elements may indicate transformsfor an entire picture or constituent pictures (e.g., left and right viewstereoscopic pictures) for display. In another example, the messages mayinclude syntax elements that indicate picture quality metrics. Thepicture quality metrics may indicate the encoding quality of pictures,such as quality-based viewport switching and quality-based metricmeasurements.

A video decoder or other device may decode the messages and processpictures of video data in accordance with the messages. The pictureorientation message may be used to provide, to a video decoder,instructions on recommended orientation transforms to apply to a decodedpicture. In this way, the display of the decoded picture may be shown ina more appropriate orientation. A video decoder may use the qualitymetrics in post processing of a decoded picture, and/or may use thequality metrics to select higher quality pictures to use for interprediction.

In one example, this disclosure describes a method of processing videodata, the method comprising receiving a picture, and coding a pictureorientation message that includes a transform type syntax element,wherein the transform type syntax element indicates a transform, fromamong a plurality of transforms, to be applied to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes an apparatus configured toprocess video data, the apparatus comprising a memory configured tostore a picture, and one or more processors implemented in circuitry andin communication with the memory, the one or more processors configuredto receive the picture, and code a picture orientation message thatincludes a transform type syntax element, wherein the transform typesyntax element indicates a transform, from among a plurality oftransforms, to be applied to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes an apparatus configured toprocess video data, the apparatus comprising means for receiving apicture, and means for coding a picture orientation message thatincludes a transform type syntax element, wherein the transform typesyntax element indicates a transform, from among a plurality oftransforms, to be applied to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, whenexecuted, cause one or more processors of a device configured to processvideo data to receive a picture, and code a picture orientation messagethat includes a transform type syntax element, wherein the transformtype syntax element indicates a transform, from among a plurality oftransforms, to be applied to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes a method of processingvideo data, the method comprising receiving a picture, and coding aquality metrics message that includes a quality metric syntax element,wherein the quality metric syntax element indicates a value of a qualitymetric related to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes an apparatus configured toprocess video data, the apparatus comprising a memory configured tostore a picture, and one or more processors implemented in circuitry andin communication with the memory, the one or more processors configuredto receive the picture, and code a quality metrics message that includesa quality metric syntax element, wherein the quality metric syntaxelement indicates a value of a quality metric related to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes an apparatus configured toprocess video data, the apparatus comprising means for receiving apicture, and means for coding a quality metrics message that includes aquality metric syntax element, wherein the quality metric syntax elementindicates a value of a quality metric related to the picture.

In another example, this disclosure describes a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, whenexecuted, cause one or more processors of a device configured to processvideo data to receive a picture, and code a quality metrics message thatincludes a quality metric syntax element, wherein the quality metricsyntax element indicates a value of a quality metric related to thepicture.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features, objects, andadvantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding anddecoding system that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example rotation of apicture.

FIG. 3 is conceptual diagram illustrating example transform types.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for coding pictureorientation supplemental enhancement information messages.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for coding qualitymetrics supplemental enhancement information messages.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder that mayperform the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder that mayperform the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for encoding acurrent block in accordance with the techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for decoding acurrent block in accordance with the techniques of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure describes techniques for encoding and decoding messages(e.g., supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages and/or otherpacketized structures) that include metadata that assist in processing(e.g., decoding, displaying, etc.) video data. The messages of thisdisclosure may include syntax elements that indicate the orientation ofa picture and/or transforms to apply to decoded pictures that may beused to rotate and/or mirror the decoded picture into a desiredorientation. The syntax elements may indicate transforms for an entirepicture or constituent pictures (e.g., left and right view stereoscopicpictures) for display. In another example, the messages may includesyntax elements that indicate picture quality metrics. The picturequality metrics may indicate the encoding quality of pictures, such asquality-based viewport switching and quality-based metric measurements.

A video decoder or other device may decode the messages and processpictures of video data in accordance with the messages. The pictureorientation message may be used to provide, to a video decoder,instructions on recommended orientation transforms to apply to a decodedpicture. In this way, the display of the decoded picture may be shown ina more appropriate orientation. A video decoder may use the qualitymetrics in post processing of a decoded picture, and/or may use thequality metrics to select higher quality pictures to use for interprediction.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding anddecoding system 100 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.The techniques of this disclosure are generally directed to coding(encoding and/or decoding) video data. In general, video data includesany data for processing a video. Thus, video data may include raw,unencoded video, encoded video, decoded (e.g., reconstructed) video, andvideo metadata, such as signaling data.

As shown in FIG. 1, system 100 includes a source device 102 thatprovides encoded video data to be decoded and displayed by a destinationdevice 116, in this example. In particular, source device 102 providesthe video data to destination device 116 via a computer-readable medium110. Source device 102 and destination device 116 may comprise any of awide range of devices, including desktop computers, notebook (i.e.,laptop) computers, mobile devices, tablet computers, set-top boxes,telephone handsets such as smartphones, televisions, cameras, displaydevices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, video streamingdevice, broadcast receiver devices, or the like. In some cases, sourcedevice 102 and destination device 116 may be equipped for wirelesscommunication, and thus may be referred to as wireless communicationdevices.

In the example of FIG. 1, source device 102 includes video source 104,memory 106, video encoder 200, and output interface 108. Destinationdevice 116 includes input interface 122, video decoder 300, memory 120,and display device 118. In accordance with this disclosure, videoencoder 200 of source device 102 and video decoder 300 of destinationdevice 116 may be configured to apply the techniques for SEI messagecoding. Thus, source device 102 represents an example of a videoencoding device, while destination device 116 represents an example of avideo decoding device. In other examples, a source device and adestination device may include other components or arrangements. Forexample, source device 102 may receive video data from an external videosource, such as an external camera. Likewise, destination device 116 mayinterface with an external display device, rather than include anintegrated display device.

System 100 as shown in FIG. 1 is merely one example. In general, anydigital video encoding and/or decoding device may perform techniques forSEI message coding. Source device 102 and destination device 116 aremerely examples of such coding devices in which source device 102generates coded video data for transmission to destination device 116.This disclosure refers to a “coding” device as a device that performscoding (encoding and/or decoding) of data. Thus, video encoder 200 andvideo decoder 300 represent examples of coding devices, in particular, avideo encoder and a video decoder, respectively. In some examples,source device 102 and destination device 116 may operate in asubstantially symmetrical manner such that each of source device 102 anddestination device 116 includes video encoding and decoding components.Hence, system 100 may support one-way or two-way video transmissionbetween source device 102 and destination device 116, e.g., for videostreaming, video playback, video broadcasting, or video telephony.

In general, video source 104 represents a source of video data (i.e.,raw, unencoded video data) and provides a sequential series of pictures(also referred to as “frames”) of the video data to video encoder 200,which encodes data for the pictures. Video source 104 of source device102 may include a video capture device, such as a video camera, a videoarchive containing previously captured raw video, and/or a video feedinterface to receive video from a video content provider. As a furtheralternative, video source 104 may generate computer graphics-based dataas the source video, or a combination of live video, archived video, andcomputer-generated video. In each case, video encoder 200 encodes thecaptured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video data. Video encoder200 may rearrange the pictures from the received order (sometimesreferred to as “display order”) into a coding order for coding. Videoencoder 200 may generate a bitstream including encoded video data.Source device 102 may then output the encoded video data via outputinterface 108 onto computer-readable medium 110 for reception and/orretrieval by, e.g., input interface 122 of destination device 116.

Memory 106 of source device 102 and memory 120 of destination device 116represent general purpose memories. In some examples, memories 106, 120may store raw video data, e.g., raw video from video source 104 and raw,decoded video data from video decoder 300. Additionally oralternatively, memories 106, 120 may store software instructionsexecutable by, e.g., video encoder 200 and video decoder 300,respectively. Although memory 106 and memory 120 are shown separatelyfrom video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 in this example, it shouldbe understood that video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may alsoinclude internal memories for functionally similar or equivalentpurposes. Furthermore, memories 106, 120 may store encoded video data,e.g., output from video encoder 200 and input to video decoder 300. Insome examples, portions of memories 106, 120 may be allocated as one ormore video buffers, e.g., to store raw, decoded, and/or encoded videodata.

Computer-readable medium 110 may represent any type of medium or devicecapable of transporting the encoded video data from source device 102 todestination device 116. In one example, computer-readable medium 110represents a communication medium to enable source device 102 totransmit encoded video data directly to destination device 116 inreal-time, e.g., via a radio frequency network or computer-basednetwork. Output interface 108 may modulate a transmission signalincluding the encoded video data, and input interface 122 may demodulatethe received transmission signal, according to a communication standard,such as a wireless communication protocol. The communication medium maycomprise any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a radiofrequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. Thecommunication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as alocal area network, a wide-area network, or a global network such as theInternet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, basestations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitatecommunication from source device 102 to destination device 116.

In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded data from outputinterface 108 to storage device 112. Similarly, destination device 116may access encoded data from storage device 112 via input interface 122.Storage device 112 may include any of a variety of distributed orlocally accessed data storage media such as a hard drive, Blu-ray discs,DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or anyother suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data.

In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded video data tofile server 114 or another intermediate storage device that may storethe encoded video data generated by source device 102. Destinationdevice 116 may access stored video data from file server 114 viastreaming or download.

File server 114 may be any type of server device capable of storingencoded video data and transmitting that encoded video data to thedestination device 116. File server 114 may represent a web server(e.g., for a website), a server configured to provide a file transferprotocol service (such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or File Deliveryover Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) protocol), a content deliverynetwork (CDN) device, a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) server, aMultimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) or Enhanced MBMS (eMBMS)server, and/or a network attached storage (NAS) device. File server 114may, additionally or alternatively, implement one or more HTTP streamingprotocols, such as Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), HTTPLive Streaming (HLS), Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), HTTP DynamicStreaming, or the like.

Destination device 116 may access encoded video data from file server114 through any standard data connection, including an Internetconnection. This may include a wireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Ficonnection), a wired connection (e.g., digital subscriber line (DSL),cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable foraccessing encoded video data stored on file server 114. Input interface122 may be configured to operate according to any one or more of thevarious protocols discussed above for retrieving or receiving media datafrom file server 114, or other such protocols for retrieving media data.

Output interface 108 and input interface 122 may represent wirelesstransmitters/receivers, modems, wired networking components (e.g.,Ethernet cards), wireless communication components that operateaccording to any of a variety of IEEE 802.11 standards, or otherphysical components. In examples where output interface 108 and inputinterface 122 comprise wireless components, output interface 108 andinput interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encodedvideo data, according to a cellular communication standard, such as 4G,4G-LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Advanced, 5G, or the like. In someexamples where output interface 108 comprises a wireless transmitter,output interface 108 and input interface 122 may be configured totransfer data, such as encoded video data, according to other wirelessstandards, such as an IEEE 802.11 specification, an IEEE 802.15specification (e.g., ZigBee™), a Bluetooth™ standard, or the like. Insome examples, source device 102 and/or destination device 116 mayinclude respective system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. For example, sourcedevice 102 may include an SoC device to perform the functionalityattributed to video encoder 200 and/or output interface 108, anddestination device 116 may include an SoC device to perform thefunctionality attributed to video decoder 300 and/or input interface122.

The techniques of this disclosure may be applied to video coding insupport of any of a variety of multimedia applications, such asover-the-air television broadcasts, cable television transmissions,satellite television transmissions, Internet streaming videotransmissions, such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH),digital video that is encoded onto a data storage medium, decoding ofdigital video stored on a data storage medium, or other applications.

Input interface 122 of destination device 116 receives an encoded videobitstream from computer-readable medium 110 (e.g., a communicationmedium, storage device 112, file server 114, or the like). The encodedvideo bitstream may include signaling information defined by videoencoder 200, which is also used by video decoder 300, such as syntaxelements having values that describe characteristics and/or processingof video blocks or other coded units (e.g., slices, pictures, groups ofpictures, sequences, or the like). Display device 118 displays decodedpictures of the decoded video data to a user. Display device 118 mayrepresent any of a variety of display devices such as a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED)display, or another type of display device.

Although not shown in FIG. 1, in some examples, video encoder 200 andvideo decoder 300 may each be integrated with an audio encoder and/oraudio decoder, and may include appropriate MUX-DEMUX units, or otherhardware and/or software, to handle multiplexed streams including bothaudio and video in a common data stream.

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 each may be implemented as anyof a variety of suitable encoder and/or decoder circuitry, such as oneor more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or anycombinations thereof. When the techniques are implemented partially insoftware, a device may store instructions for the software in asuitable, non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute theinstructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform thetechniques of this disclosure. Each of video encoder 200 and videodecoder 300 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, eitherof which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC)in a respective device. A device including video encoder 200 and/orvideo decoder 300 may comprise an integrated circuit, a microprocessor,and/or a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone.

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to a videocoding standard, such as ITU-T H.265, also referred to as HighEfficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or extensions thereto, such as themulti-view and/or scalable video coding extensions. Alternatively, videoencoder 200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to otherproprietary or industry standards, such as ITU-T H.266, also referred toas Versatile Video Coding (VVC). In other examples, video encoder 200and video decoder 300 may operate according to a proprietary videocodec/format, such as AOMedia Video 1 (AV1), extensions of AV1, and/orsuccessor versions of AV1 (e.g., AV2). In other examples, video encoder200 and video decoder 300 may operate according to other proprietaryformats or industry standards. The techniques of this disclosure,however, are not limited to any particular coding standard or format. Ingeneral, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured toperform the techniques of this disclosure in conjunction with any videocoding techniques that use SEI messages to determine a pictureorientation and/or picture quality metrics.

In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may performblock-based coding of pictures. The term “block” generally refers to astructure including data to be processed (e.g., encoded, decoded, orotherwise used in the encoding and/or decoding process). For example, ablock may include a two-dimensional matrix of samples of luminanceand/or chrominance data. In general, video encoder 200 and video decoder300 may code video data represented in a YUV (e.g., Y, Cb, Cr) format.That is, rather than coding red, green, and blue (RGB) data for samplesof a picture, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may code luminanceand chrominance components, where the chrominance components may includeboth red hue and blue hue chrominance components. In some examples,video encoder 200 converts received RGB formatted data to a YUVrepresentation prior to encoding, and video decoder 300 converts the YUVrepresentation to the RGB format. Alternatively, pre- andpost-processing units (not shown) may perform these conversions.

This disclosure may generally refer to coding (e.g., encoding anddecoding) of pictures to include the process of encoding or decodingdata of the picture. Similarly, this disclosure may refer to coding ofblocks of a picture to include the process of encoding or decoding datafor the blocks, e.g., prediction and/or residual coding. An encodedvideo bitstream generally includes a series of values for syntaxelements representative of coding decisions (e.g., coding modes) andpartitioning of pictures into blocks. Thus, references to coding apicture or a block should generally be understood as coding values forsyntax elements forming the picture or block.

HEVC defines various blocks, including coding units (CUs), predictionunits (PUs), and transform units (TUs). According to HEVC, a video coder(such as video encoder 200) partitions a coding tree unit (CTU) into CUsaccording to a quadtree structure. That is, the video coder partitionsCTUs and CUs into four equal, non-overlapping squares, and each node ofthe quadtree has either zero or four child nodes. Nodes without childnodes may be referred to as “leaf nodes,” and CUs of such leaf nodes mayinclude one or more PUs and/or one or more TUs. The video coder mayfurther partition PUs and TUs. For example, in HEVC, a residual quadtree(RQT) represents partitioning of TUs. In HEVC, PUs representinter-prediction data, while TUs represent residual data. CUs that areintra-predicted include intra-prediction information, such as anintra-mode indication.

As another example, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may beconfigured to operate according to VVC. According to VVC, a video coder(such as video encoder 200) partitions a picture into a plurality ofcoding tree units (CTUs). Video encoder 200 may partition a CTUaccording to a tree structure, such as a quadtree-binary tree (QTBT)structure or Multi-Type Tree (MTT) structure. The QTBT structure removesthe concepts of multiple partition types, such as the separation betweenCUs, PUs, and TUs of HEVC. A QTBT structure includes two levels: a firstlevel partitioned according to quadtree partitioning, and a second levelpartitioned according to binary tree partitioning. A root node of theQTBT structure corresponds to a CTU. Leaf nodes of the binary treescorrespond to coding units (CUs).

In an MTT partitioning structure, blocks may be partitioned using aquadtree (QT) partition, a binary tree (BT) partition, and one or moretypes of triple tree (TT) (also called ternary tree (TT)) partitions. Atriple or ternary tree partition is a partition where a block is splitinto three sub-blocks. In some examples, a triple or ternary treepartition divides a block into three sub-blocks without dividing theoriginal block through the center. The partitioning types in MTT (e.g.,QT, BT, and TT), may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

When operating according to the AV1 codec, video encoder 200 and videodecoder 300 may be configured to code video data in blocks. In AV1, thelargest coding block that can be processed is called a superblock. InAV1, a superblock can be either 128×128 luma samples or 64×64 lumasamples. However, in successor video coding formats (e.g., AV2), asuperblock may be defined by different (e.g., larger) luma sample sizes.In some examples, a superblock is the top level of a block quadtree.Video encoder 200 may further partition a superblock into smaller codingblocks. Video encoder 200 may partition a superblock and other codingblocks into smaller blocks using square or non-square partitioning.Non-square blocks may include N/2×N, N×N/2, N/4×N, and N×N/4 blocks.Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may perform separate predictionand transform processes on each of the coding blocks.

AV1 also defines a tile of video data. A tile is a rectangular array ofsuperblocks that may be coded independently of other tiles. That is,video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may encode and decode,respectively, coding blocks within a tile without using video data fromother tiles. However, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 mayperform filtering across tile boundaries. Tiles may be uniform ornon-uniform in size. Tile-based coding may enable parallel processingand/or multi-threading for encoder and decoder implementations.

In some examples, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may use asingle QTBT or MTT structure to represent each of the luminance andchrominance components, while in other examples, video encoder 200 andvideo decoder 300 may use two or more QTBT or MTT structures, such asone QTBT/MTT structure for the luminance component and another QTBT/MTTstructure for both chrominance components (or two QTBT/MTT structuresfor respective chrominance components).

Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may be configured to usequadtree partitioning, QTBT partitioning, MTT partitioning, superblockpartitioning, or other partitioning structures.

In some examples, a CTU includes a coding tree block (CTB) of lumasamples, two corresponding CTBs of chroma samples of a picture that hasthree sample arrays, or a CTB of samples of a monochrome picture or apicture that is coded using three separate color planes and syntaxstructures used to code the samples. A CTB may be an N×N block ofsamples for some value of N such that the division of a component intoCTBs is a partitioning. A component is an array or single sample fromone of the three arrays (luma and two chroma) that compose a picture in4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 color format or the array or a single sample ofthe array that compose a picture in monochrome format. In some examples,a coding block is an M×N block of samples for some values of M and Nsuch that a division of a CTB into coding blocks is a partitioning.

The blocks (e.g., CTUs or CUs) may be grouped in various ways in apicture. As one example, a brick may refer to a rectangular region ofCTU rows within a particular tile in a picture. A tile may be arectangular region of CTUs within a particular tile column and aparticular tile row in a picture. A tile column refers to a rectangularregion of CTUs having a height equal to the height of the picture and awidth specified by syntax elements (e.g., such as in a picture parameterset). A tile row refers to a rectangular region of CTUs having a heightspecified by syntax elements (e.g., such as in a picture parameter set)and a width equal to the width of the picture.

In some examples, a tile may be partitioned into multiple bricks, eachof which may include one or more CTU rows within the tile. A tile thatis not partitioned into multiple bricks may also be referred to as abrick. However, a brick that is a true subset of a tile may not bereferred to as a tile. The bricks in a picture may also be arranged in aslice. A slice may be an integer number of bricks of a picture that maybe exclusively contained in a single network abstraction layer (NAL)unit. In some examples, a slice includes either a number of completetiles or only a consecutive sequence of complete bricks of one tile.

This disclosure may use “N×N” and “N by N” interchangeably to refer tothe sample dimensions of a block (such as a CU or other video block) interms of vertical and horizontal dimensions, e.g., 16×16 samples or 16by 16 samples. In general, a 16×16 CU will have 16 samples in a verticaldirection (y=16) and 16 samples in a horizontal direction (x=16).Likewise, an N×N CU generally has N samples in a vertical direction andN samples in a horizontal direction, where N represents a nonnegativeinteger value. The samples in a CU may be arranged in rows and columns.Moreover, CUs need not necessarily have the same number of samples inthe horizontal direction as in the vertical direction. For example, CUsmay comprise N×M samples, where M is not necessarily equal to N.

Video encoder 200 encodes video data for CUs representing predictionand/or residual information, and other information. The predictioninformation indicates how the CU is to be predicted in order to form aprediction block for the CU. The residual information generallyrepresents sample-by-sample differences between samples of the CU priorto encoding and the prediction block.

To predict a CU, video encoder 200 may generally form a prediction blockfor the CU through inter-prediction or intra-prediction.Inter-prediction generally refers to predicting the CU from data of apreviously coded picture, whereas intra-prediction generally refers topredicting the CU from previously coded data of the same picture. Toperform inter-prediction, video encoder 200 may generate the predictionblock using one or more motion vectors. Video encoder 200 may generallyperform a motion search to identify a reference block that closelymatches the CU, e.g., in terms of differences between the CU and thereference block. Video encoder 200 may calculate a difference metricusing a sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared differences(SSD), mean absolute difference (MAD), mean squared differences (MSD),or other such difference calculations to determine whether a referenceblock closely matches the current CU. In some examples, video encoder200 may predict the current CU using uni-directional prediction orbi-directional prediction.

Some examples of VVC also provide an affine motion compensation mode,which may be considered an inter-prediction mode. In affine motioncompensation mode, video encoder 200 may determine two or more motionvectors that represent non-translational motion, such as zoom in or out,rotation, perspective motion, or other irregular motion types.

To perform intra-prediction, video encoder 200 may select anintra-prediction mode to generate the prediction block. Some examples ofVVC provide sixty-seven intra-prediction modes, including variousdirectional modes, as well as planar mode and DC mode. In general, videoencoder 200 selects an intra-prediction mode that describes neighboringsamples to a current block (e.g., a block of a CU) from which to predictsamples of the current block. Such samples may generally be above, aboveand to the left, or to the left of the current block in the same pictureas the current block, assuming video encoder 200 codes CTUs and CUs inraster scan order (left to right, top to bottom).

Video encoder 200 encodes data representing the prediction mode for acurrent block. For example, for inter-prediction modes, video encoder200 may encode data representing which of the various availableinter-prediction modes is used, as well as motion information for thecorresponding mode. For uni-directional or bi-directionalinter-prediction, for example, video encoder 200 may encode motionvectors using advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) or merge mode.Video encoder 200 may use similar modes to encode motion vectors foraffine motion compensation mode.

AV1 includes two general techniques for encoding and decoding a codingblock of video data. The two general techniques are intra prediction(e.g., intra frame prediction or spatial prediction) and interprediction (e.g., inter frame prediction or temporal prediction). In thecontext of AV1, when predicting blocks of a current frame of video datausing an intra prediction mode, video encoder 200 and video decoder 300do not use video data from other frames of video data. For most intraprediction modes, video encoder 200 encodes blocks of a current framebased on the difference between sample values in the current block andpredicted values generated from reference samples in the same frame.Video encoder 200 determines predicted values generated from thereference samples based on the intra prediction mode.

Following prediction, such as intra-prediction or inter-prediction of ablock, video encoder 200 may calculate residual data for the block. Theresidual data, such as a residual block, represents sample by sampledifferences between the block and a prediction block for the block,formed using the corresponding prediction mode. Video encoder 200 mayapply one or more transforms to the residual block, to producetransformed data in a transform domain instead of the sample domain. Forexample, video encoder 200 may apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT),an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similartransform to residual video data. Additionally, video encoder 200 mayapply a secondary transform following the first transform, such as amode-dependent non-separable secondary transform (MDNSST), a signaldependent transform, a Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or the like.Video encoder 200 produces transform coefficients following applicationof the one or more transforms.

As noted above, following any transforms to produce transformcoefficients, video encoder 200 may perform quantization of thetransform coefficients. Quantization generally refers to a process inwhich transform coefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amountof data used to represent the transform coefficients, providing furthercompression. By performing the quantization process, video encoder 200may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the transformcoefficients. For example, video encoder 200 may round an n-bit valuedown to an m-bit value during quantization, where n is greater than m.In some examples, to perform quantization, video encoder 200 may performa bitwise right-shift of the value to be quantized.

Following quantization, video encoder 200 may scan the transformcoefficients, producing a one-dimensional vector from thetwo-dimensional matrix including the quantized transform coefficients.The scan may be designed to place higher energy (and therefore lowerfrequency) transform coefficients at the front of the vector and toplace lower energy (and therefore higher frequency) transformcoefficients at the back of the vector. In some examples, video encoder200 may utilize a predefined scan order to scan the quantized transformcoefficients to produce a serialized vector, and then entropy encode thequantized transform coefficients of the vector. In other examples, videoencoder 200 may perform an adaptive scan. After scanning the quantizedtransform coefficients to form the one-dimensional vector, video encoder200 may entropy encode the one-dimensional vector, e.g., according tocontext-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). Video encoder 200 mayalso entropy encode values for syntax elements describing metadataassociated with the encoded video data for use by video decoder 300 indecoding the video data.

To perform CABAC, video encoder 200 may assign a context within acontext model to a symbol to be transmitted. The context may relate to,for example, whether neighboring values of the symbol are zero-valued ornot. The probability determination may be based on a context assigned tothe symbol.

Video encoder 200 may further generate syntax data, such as block-basedsyntax data, picture-based syntax data, and sequence-based syntax data,to video decoder 300, e.g., in a picture header, a block header, a sliceheader, or other syntax data, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS),picture parameter set (PPS), or video parameter set (VPS). Video decoder300 may likewise decode such syntax data to determine how to decodecorresponding video data.

In this manner, video encoder 200 may generate a bitstream includingencoded video data, e.g., syntax elements describing partitioning of apicture into blocks (e.g., CUs) and prediction and/or residualinformation for the blocks. Ultimately, video decoder 300 may receivethe bitstream and decode the encoded video data.

In general, video decoder 300 performs a reciprocal process to thatperformed by video encoder 200 to decode the encoded video data of thebitstream. For example, video decoder 300 may decode values for syntaxelements of the bitstream using CABAC in a manner substantially similarto, albeit reciprocal to, the CABAC encoding process of video encoder200. The syntax elements may define partitioning information forpartitioning of a picture into CTUs, and partitioning of each CTUaccording to a corresponding partition structure, such as a QTBTstructure, to define CUs of the CTU. The syntax elements may furtherdefine prediction and residual information for blocks (e.g., CUs) ofvideo data.

The residual information may be represented by, for example, quantizedtransform coefficients. Video decoder 300 may inverse quantize andinverse transform the quantized transform coefficients of a block toreproduce a residual block for the block. Video decoder 300 uses asignaled prediction mode (intra- or inter-prediction) and relatedprediction information (e.g., motion information for inter-prediction)to form a prediction block for the block. Video decoder 300 may thencombine the prediction block and the residual block (on asample-by-sample basis) to reproduce the original block. Video decoder300 may perform additional processing, such as performing a deblockingprocess to reduce visual artifacts along boundaries of the block.

This disclosure may generally refer to “signaling” certain information,such as syntax elements. The term “signaling” may generally refer to thecommunication of values for syntax elements and/or other data used todecode encoded video data. That is, video encoder 200 may signal valuesfor syntax elements in the bitstream. In general, signaling refers togenerating a value in the bitstream. As noted above, source device 102may transport the bitstream to destination device 116 substantially inreal time, or not in real time, such as might occur when storing syntaxelements to storage device 112 for later retrieval by destination device116.

In general, this disclosure describes techniques for coding video data.In particular, this disclosure describes techniques for decoding SEImessages. The SEI messages of this disclosure may include syntaxelements that indicate the orientation of a picture. In another example,the SEI messages may include syntax elements that indicate picturequality metrics. A video decoder or other device may decode the SEImessages and process pictures of video data in accordance with the SEImessages.

The versatile supplemental enhancement information (VSEI) standard(e.g., ITU-T H.274 and ISO/IEC 23002-7) specifies video usabilityinformation (VUI) messages and some of the SEI messages used with theVVC bitstream. SEI messages enable video encoder 200 to include metadatain the bitstream that is not required for the correct decoding of thesample values of the output pictures, but can be used for various otherpurposes. Video encoder 200 may be configured to include any number ofSEI network abstraction layer (NAL) units in an access unit, and eachSEI NAL unit may include one or more SEI messages. Specifications andsystems using VVC may specify encoders to generate certain SEI messagesor may define specific handling of particular types of received SEImessages.

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 N 18277, “Information technology—Highefficiency coding and media delivery in heterogeneous environments—Part2: High Efficiency Video Coding,” 2019 (“HEVC”) specifies displayorientation SEI message to inform the decoder (e.g., video decoder 300)of a transformation that is recommended to be applied to the croppeddecoded picture prior to display. The syntax structure of the displayorientation SEI message of HEVC is shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Display orientation SEI message syntax Descriptordisplay_orientation( payloadSize ) {  display_orientation_cancel_flagu(1)  if( !display_orientation_cancel_flag ) {   hor_flip u(1)  ver_flip u(1)   anticlockwise_rotation u(16)  display_orientation_persistence_flag u(1)  } }

As can be seen in Table 1, the display orientation SEI message of HEVCallows for the indications of a horizontal flip (hor_flip), verticalflip (ver_flip), and anticlockwise rotation (anticlockwise_rotation)transformations.

3GPP specifies a coordination of video orientation (CVO) in thetechnical specification (TS) 26.114, “IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS);Multimedia telephony; Media handling and interaction,” 2021. The CVOsignals the current orientation of the image captured on the sender side(e.g., at source device 102) to the receiver (e.g., destination device116) for appropriate rendering and displaying. CVO information for alower granularity of rotation is carried as a byte formatted as follows,to support horizontal flip and 90 degree rotation:

Bit# 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0(LSB) Definition 0 0 0 0 C F R1 R0LSB stands for least significant bit.

CVO information for a higher granularity of rotation is carried as abyte formatted as follows:

Bit# 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0(LSB) Definition R5 R4 R3 R2 C F R1 R0

Some current examples of the VSEI standard do not support anyorientation metadata. The HEVC display orientation SEI message does notconsider the frame-packing cases where rotation shall apply to eachconstituent picture instead of an entire picture. FIG. 2 shows anexample of display rotation of a frame-packed picture where eachconstituent picture should be rotated, respectively. As shown in FIG. 2,picture 150 includes two constitutent pictures (e.g., a left viewpicture and a right view picture for stereoscopic video). Using thetechniques of this disclosure, video encoder 200 may send code and SEImessage that include a transform type sytnax element that instructsvideo decoder 300 to perform a rotation transform on each of theconstitutent pictures to achieve transformed picture 152.

An example VSEI region-wise packing (RWP) SEI message providesinformation to enable remapping of the color samples of cropped decodedpictures onto projected pictures. However, the RWP SEI message is usedwhen the omnidirectional video projection is indicated to be applied toa picture. An RWP SEI message with the rwp_cancel_flag equal to 0 shallnot be present in the coded layer video sequence (CLVS) that applies tothe picture.

Picture quality metrics are used to evaluate the picture quality andcoding performance. ISO/IEC 23001-10, “Information technology—MPEGsystems technologies—Part 10: Carriage of Timed Metadata Metrics ofMedia in ISO Base Media File Format,” 2015, specifies the carriage oftimed metadata metrics of media, such as peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR), structural similarly index measure (SSIM), video quality metric(VQM), and mean opinion score (MOS) in ISOBMFF (ISO/IEC base media fileformat). The picture quality relevant ranking is also specified in OMAF,ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N19042, “Text of ISO/IEC DIS 23090-2 2^(nd)edition OMAF,” 2020, and Immersive Media Metrics (IMM), ISO/IECJTC1/SC29/WG3 N0073, “IS of ISO/IEC 23090-6 Immersive Media Metrics,”2020 to facilitate quality dependent viewport switching and immersivemedia metrics measurement. Some picture quality metrics, such as PSNRand SSIM, can only be obtained at the encoder side. An SEI message tocarry such information is able to provide the relevant information tothe system application.

Picture Orientation SEI Message

In accordance with one example of the disclousre, video encoder 200 isconfigured to generate and signal a picture orientation SEI message thatincludes one or more syntax elements shown in Table 2 below. Inparticular, video encoder 200 may be configured to generate and encode atransform type syntax element (e.g., por_transform_type), wherein thetransform type syntax element indicates a transform, from among aplurality of transforms, to be applied to a picture. Video encoder 200may also be configured to generate and encode one or more of the othersyntax elements and flags listed in Table 2. Video decoder 300 may beconfigured to receive the picture orientation SEI message and mayprocess and/or display pictures in accordance with the syntax elementscontained therein. For example, video decoder 300 may be configured toapply the transform indicated by the transform type sytnax element to adecoded picture.

TABLE 2 Picture orientation SEI message syntax Descriptorpicture_orientation( payloadSize ) {  por_cancel_flag u(1)  if(!por_cancel_flag ) {   por_persistence_flag u(1)  por_constituent_picture_matching_flag u(1)   por_transform_type u(5) } }

In general, the picture orientation (POR) SEI message providesinformation to inform video decoder 300 of a transform that isrecommended to be applied to a decoded picture prior to display. In someexamples, the decoded picture may be a cropped picture.

The value of syntax element por_cancel_flag equal to 1 indicates thatthe current SEI message cancels the persistence of any previous POR SEImessage in output order. The value of syntax element por_cancel_flagequal to 0 indicates that POR information follows.

The value of syntax element por_persistence_flag specifies thepersistence of the POR SEI message for the current layer.

The value of syntax element por_persistence_flag equal to 0 specifiesthat the POR SEI message applies to the current decoded picture only.

The value of syntax element por_persistence_flag equal to 1 specifiesthat the POR SEI message applies to the current decoded picture andpersists for all subsequent pictures of the current layer in outputorder until one or more of the following conditions are true:

-   -   A new CLVS of the current layer begins.    -   The bitstream ends.    -   A picture in the current layer in an access unit (AU) associated        with a POR SEI message is output that follows the current        picture in output order.

The value of syntax element por_constituent_picture_matching_flag equalto 1 specifies that the this SEI message applies individually to eachconstituent picture and the stereoscopic frame packing format isindicated by the frame packing arrangement SEI message. The value ofsyntax element por_constituent_picture_matching_flag equal to 0specifies that this SEI message applies to the cropped decoded picture.

When either of the following conditions is true, the value of syntaxelement por_constituent_picture_matching_flag shall be equal to 0:

-   -   StereoFlag is equal to 0.    -   StereoFlag is equal to 1 and fp_arrangement_type is equal to 5.

The value of StereoFlag equal to 0 indicates the a frame packingarrangement SEI message with fp_arrangement_cancel_flag equal to 0 thatapplies to the picture is not present. The value of StereoFlag equal to1 indicates the associated picture is a frame packing picture.

The value of syntax element fp_arrangement_type equal to 5 indicates thecomponent planes of the output cropped decoded pictures in output orderform a temporal interleaving of alternating first and second constituentframes.

The value of syntax element por_transform_type specifies a transform(e.g., a rotation, mirroring, or a combination of rotation andmirroring) that may be applied to a picture. Note that in some examples,mirroring may be referred to as flipping. When the transform indicatedby por_transform_type specifies both rotation and mirroring, videodecoder 300 may be configured to apply the rotation transform beforeapplying mirroring, or vice versa. Example values of por_transform_typeare specified in Table 3 below. In one example, the values ofpor_transform_type from 8 to 31 are reserved for future use byITU-T|ISO/TEC.

TABLE 3 por_transform_type values Value Description 0 no transform 1mirroring horizontally 2 rotation by 180 degrees (anticlockwise) 3rotation by 180 degrees (anticlockwise) before mirroring horizontally 4rotation by 90 degrees (anticlockwise) before mirroring horizontally 5rotation by 90 degrees (anticlockwise) 6 rotation by 270 degrees(anticlockwise) before mirroring horizontally 7 rotation by 270 degrees(anticlockwise) 8 . . . 31 reserved

The specific values of Table 3 are just one example. In other examples,more or fewer transform types may be specified. Also, the transforms maybe specified in different orders than that shown in Table 3.

FIG. 3 is conceptual diagram illustrating example transform types. Inthe example of Table 3, when the transform syntax element has a value of0, video decoder 300 may apply no transform. FIG. 3, shows originalpicture 160 for which no transform is applied. The other transform typesin FIG. 3 will be shown with reference to original picture 160. When thetransform syntax element has a value of 1, video decoder 300 may apply ahorizontal mirroring transform to original picture 160 to obtain picture162. Horizontal mirroring may also be referred to as horizontalflipping. When the transform syntax element has a value of 2, videodecoder 300 may apply a 180 degree, anticlockwise rotation transform tooriginal picture 160 to obtain picture 164. When the transform syntaxelement has a value of 3, video decoder 300 may apply a 180 degree,anticlockwise rotation transform, followed by a horizontal mirroringtransform, to original picture 160 to obtain picture 166.

When the transform syntax element has a value of 4, video decoder 300may apply a 90 degree, anticlockwise rotation transform, followed by ahorizontal mirroring transform, to original picture 160 to obtainpicture 168. When the transform syntax element has a value of 5, videodecoder 300 may apply a 90 degree, anticlockwise rotation transform tooriginal picture 160 to obtain picture 170. When the transform syntaxelement has a value of 6, video decoder 300 may apply a 270 degree,anticlockwise rotation transform, followed by a horizontal mirroringtransform, to original picture 160 to obtain picture 172. When thetransform syntax element has a value of 7, video decoder 300 may apply a270 degree, anticlockwise rotation transform to original picture 160 toobtain picture 174.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for coding pictureorientation supplemental enhancement information messages. FIG. 4 showsboth encoding and decoding processes of the disclosure. As shown in FIG.4, the encoding processes may be performed by source device 102,including video encoder 200. The decoding processes may be performed bydestination device 116, including video decoder 300.

In one example of the disclosure, source device 102 may be configured toreceive a picture (400). Source device 102 may further be configured toencode the picture (e.g., using video encoder 200) and transmit anencoded video bitstream to destination device 116. Source device 102 mayfurther be configured to determine a recommend transform type of thepicture (402). The recommend transform type may be a transform type fromamong a plurality of transform types. Source device 102 may be furtherconfigured to encode a picture orientation message that includes atransform type syntax element, wherein the transform type syntax elementindicates a transform, from among a plurality of transforms, to beapplied to the picture (404).

Destination device 116 may be configured to receive the picture (410).Destination device 116 may further be configured to decode the picture(e.g., using video decoder 300). Destination device 116 may also decodethe picture orientation message that includes the transform type syntaxelement, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture (412). Destination device 116 may be further configured to applythe transform to the picture in accordance with the transform typesyntax element to form a transformed picture (414), and display thetransformed picture (416).

In one example of the disclosure, the picture orientation messagecomprises a picture orientation sSEI message. In another example, thepicture orientation message comprises a picture orientation openbitstream unit (OBU).

As described above, the plurality of transforms includes two or more ofa rotation transform, a mirroring transform, or a combination of arotation and mirroring transform. In a more specific example, theplurality of transforms includes a first transform comprising ahorizontal mirroring transform, a second transform comprising a 180degree anticlockwise rotation transform, a third transform comprisingthe 180 degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontalmirroring transform, a fourth transform comprising a 90 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fifth transform comprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, asixth transform comprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followedby the horizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transformcomprising the 270 degree anticlockwise transform. In a further example,the transform type syntax element further includes a value thatindicates no transform is to be applied.

In some examples, video encoder 200 may signal a high granularity ofrotation in the SEI message. The high granularity of rotation andmirroring may apply to each constituent picture. In general, a highgranularity of rotation my indicate degrees of rotation at relativelysmall intervals. For example, a high granularity of rotation may includerotating pictures at less than 90 degree angles. In case eachconstituent picture may rotate differently, video encoder 200 mayspecify separate orientation transform types or a high granularity ofrotation in the SEI message or other metadata type, each applying to oneconstituent picture.

In some examples, video encoder 200 may specify a constituent picturematching flag in CVO signaling. The constituent picture matching flagmay indicate the granularity of rotation that applies to eachconstituent picture.

Picture Quality Metrics SEI Message

In accordance with another example of the disclousre, video encoder 200is configured to generate and signal a picture quality metrics message(e.g., an SEI message and/or other packetized structures) that includesone or more of the syntax element shown in Table 4 below. Video decoder300 is configured to receive the picture quality metrics SEI message andmay process and/or display pictures in accordance with the syntaxelements contained therein. For example, destination device 116 and/orvideo decoder 300 may be configured to apply one or more post-processingtechniques to a decoded picture in accordance with the quality metricsindicated in the picture quality metrics SEI message. An examplepost-processing technique may include upscaling a decoded picture basedon the picture quality. In other examples, video decoder 300 may beconfigured to use the quality metrics to select certain pictures to usefor inter-prediction. For example, when multiple versions of the samepicture are available, video decoder 300 may be configured to select thepicture with the highest quality metrics (e.g., lowest signal-to-noiseratio) to use as a reference picture in inter-prediction.

Table 4 is one example picture quality metrics SEI message. The picturequality metrics SEI message provides a quality metric for each colorcomponent of a current decoded picture.

TABLE 4 Picture quality metrics SEI message syntax DescriptorPicture_quality_metrics( payloadSize ) {  pqm_metric_type u(7) pqm_single_component_flag u(1)  for( cIdx = 0; cIdx < (dph_sei_single_component_flag ?  1 : 3 ); cIdx++ ){   if( pqm_sei_type == 0 )    pqm_psnr[ cIdx ] u(16)   else if ( pqm_sei_type = = 1 )   pqm_ssim[ cIdx ] u(8)   else if ( pqm_sei_type == 2 )    pqm_msssim[cIdx ] u(8)   else if ( pqm_sei_type == 3 )    pqm_vqm[ cIdx ] u(8)  } }

The value of syntax element pqm_metric_type indicates the type ofquality metric associated with the component as specified in Table 5.The values of pqm_metric_type from 4 to 127 are reserved for future useby ITU-T|ISO/IEC and shall not be present in payload data conforming tothis version of this Specification.

TABLE 5 Interpretation of pqm_metric_type pqm_metric_type metric 0 PSNR1 SSIM 2 MS-SSIM 3 VQM

The PSNR quality metric type is peak signal-to-noise ratio. The SSIMquality metric type is a structural similarity index. The MS-SSIMquality metric is a multiscale structural similarity index. The VQMquality metric type is a video quality metric.

The value of syntax element pqm_single_component_flag equal to 1specifies that the picture associated with the picture quality metricsSEI message contains a single color component. The value of syntaxelement pqm_single_component_flag equal to 0 specifies that the pictureassociated with the picture quality metrics SEI message contains threecolor components. The value of pqm_single_component_flag shall be equalto (ChromaFormatIdc==0).

The value of syntax element pqm_psnr[cIdx] specifies the value of thePSNR. The corresponding PSNR of the color component cIdx of the decodedpicture is derived as follows (expressed in floating point):

PSNR=pqm_psnr[cIdx]/100; with the exception of PSNR=infinity forpqm_psnr[cIdx] is equal to 0

The value of syntax element pqm_ssim[cIdx] specifies the value of theSSIM. The corresponding SSIM of the color component cIdx of the decodedpicture is derived as follows (expressed in floating point):

SSIM=(pqm_ssim[cIdx]−127)/128

The value of syntax element pqm_msssim[cIdx] specifies the value of theMS-SSIM. The corresponding MS-SSIM of the color component cIdx of thedecoded picture is derived as follows (expressed in floating point):

MS SSIM=(pqm_msssim[cIdx]−127)/128

The value of syntax element pqm_vqm[cIdx] specifies the value of theVQM. The corresponding VQM of the color component cIdx of the decodedpicture is derived as follows (expressed in floating point):

VQM=pqm_vqm[cIdx]/50

The picture quality metrics SEI message may carry other quality relevantmetrics such as perceptual evaluation of video quality (PEVQ), meanopinion score (MOS), and/or other picture quality metrics.

In some examples, the picture quality metrics SEI message may specifyquality metrics for each constituent picture when the picture isassociated with the stereoscopic frame-packing arrangement SEI message.The picture quality metrics SEI message may specify quality metrics foreach region when the picture is associated with the region-wise framepacking SEI message. Additional syntax elements may be added to the SEImessage to indicate if picture quality metrics are present for eachconstituent picture or each region.

In other examples, the picture quality metrics SEI message may carryquality metrics of one or multiple subpictures or regions of interest(ROIs) of the picture associated with the SEI message. Syntax elementsindicating the number of subpictures or ROIs, syntax elements indicatingthe subpictures or ROIs positions, and/or syntax element indicating thesubpictures or ROIs sizes may also be specified in the SEI message.

Additional quality metrics, such as weighted PSNR (wPSNR) andweighted-to-spherically uniform PSNR (WS-PSNR), may be included in theSEI message to indicate the quality of high dynamic range (HDR) and 360video content.

Another example picture metrics SEI message format is provided in Table6:

TABLE 6 Picture quality metric SEI message syntax DescriptorPicture_quality_metrics( payloadSize ) {  pqm_cnt_minus1 u(8)  for( i =0; i <= pqm_cnt_minus1; i++ ) {   pqm_type[ i ] u(8)   pqm_value[ i ]u(16)  } }

The picture metrics SEI message above provides quality metrics of thecurrent decoded picture.

The value of syntax element pqm_cnt_minusl plus 1 specifies the numberof luma component quality metrics that are indicated by the SEI message.

The value of syntax element pqm_type[i] indicates the i-th qualitymetric type associated with the decoded picture or video sequence asspecified in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Interpretation of pqm_type pqm_type metric 0 PSNR 1 wPSNR 2WS-PSNR 3 PSNR_(sequence) 4 wPSNR_(sequence) 5 WS-PSNR_(sequence)

The PSNR_(sequence), wPSNR_(sequence), and WS-PSNR_(sequence) qualitymetric types indicate the PSNR, wPSNR, and WS-PSNR of multiple picturesover sequence, respectively.

The value of syntax element pqm_value[i] specifies the value of the i-thquality metric. When the value of syntax element pqm_type is 0, then thestored 16-bit unsigned integer pqm_value is interpreted as PSNR value(in dB) as follows (expressed in floating point), with the exception ofPSNR equal to infinity for pqm_value value equal to 0.

${{PSNR} = \frac{{pqm\_ value}\lbrack 0\rbrack}{M}};$

where M is an integer (e.g., 100).

When the value of syntax element pqm_type is 1, then the stored 16-bitunsigned integer pqm_value is interpreted as wPSNR value (in dB) asfollows (expressed in floating point), with the exception of wPSNR equalto infinity for pqm_value value equal to 0.

${{wPSNR} = \frac{{pqm\_ value}\lbrack 1\rbrack}{M}};$

where M is an integer (e.g., 100)

When the value of syntax element pqm_type is 2, then the stored 16-bitunsigned integer pqm_value is interpreted as WS-PSNR value (in dB) asfollows (expressed in floating point), with the exception of WS-PSNRequal to infinity for pqm_value value equal to 0.

${{WS\_ PSNR} = \frac{{pqm\_ value}\lbrack 2\rbrack}{M}};$

where M is an integer (e.g., 100).

When the value of syntax element pqm_type is 3, the quality metricindicates the average luma PSNR of the CLVS to which the associatedpicture belongs. The 16-bit unsigned integer pqm_value is interpreted asa result of a sequence-level PSNR quality metric (in dB), and derived asfollows (expressed in floating point), with the exception of PSNR equalto infinity for pqm_value value is equal to 0.

${{PSNR}_{sequence} = \frac{{pqm\_ value}\lbrack 3\rbrack}{M}};$

where M is an integer (e.g., 100).

When the value of syntax element pqm_type is 4, the quality metricindicates the average luma weighted PSNR of the CLVS to which theassociated picture belongs. The 16-bit unsigned integer pqm_value isinterpreted as a sequence-level wPSNR value (in dB) as follows(expressed in floating point), with the exception of wPSNR equal toinfinity for pqm_value value is equal to 0.

${{wPSNR}_{sequence} = \frac{{pqm\_ value}\lbrack 4\rbrack}{M}};$

where M is an integer (e.g., 100).

When the value of syntax element pqm_type is 5, the quality metricindicates the average luma WS-PSNR of the CLVS to which the associatedpicture belongs.

The 16-bit unsigned integer pqm_value is interpreted as a sequence-levelWS-PSNR value (in dB) as follows (expressed in floating point), with theexception of WS-PSNR equal to infinity for pqm_value value is equal to0.

${{WS\_ PSNR}_{sequence} = \frac{{pqm\_ value}\lbrack 5\rbrack}{M}};$

where M is an integer (e.g., 100).

In another example, additional quality metrics types may be included inthe SEI message to indicate the average quality metrics that apply tomultiple video frames. A first syntax element may be specified in theSEI message to indicate that the quality metric specified in the SEImessage applies to the associated picture and persists for allsubsequent pictures of the current layer in output order. A secondsyntax element may be specified in the SEI message to cancel thepersistence of any previous quality metrics in the output order.

In another example, when an average quality metric, such as a sequencelevel PSNR, is present for any picture of a CLVS, the associated picturequality SEI message shall be present for the first picture of the CLVS.The average picture metric of all SEI messages that apply to the sameCLVS shall have the same content.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for coding qualitymetrics supplemental enhancement information messages. FIG. 5 shows bothencoding and decoding processes of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5,the encoding processes may be performed by source device 102, includingvideo encoder 200. The decoding processes may be performed bydestination device 116, including video decoder 300.

In one example of the disclosure, source device 102 may be configured toreceive a picture (500). Source device 102 may further be configured toencode the picture (e.g., using video encoder 200) and transmit anencoded video bitstream to destination device 116. Source device 102 mayfurther be configured to determine a quality metric for picture (502).Source device 102 may be further configured to encode a quality metricsmessage that includes a quality metric syntax element, wherein thequality metric syntax element indicates a value of a quality metricrelated to the picture (504).

In a further example of the disclosure, source device 102 may be furtherconfigured to encode a quality metric type syntax element in the qualitymetrics message, wherein the quality metric type syntax elementindicates a type of quality metric, from among a plurality of types ofquality metrics, indicated by the quality metric syntax element. In oneexample, the plurality of types of quality metrics includes a peaksignal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). In another example, the plurality of typesof quality metrics includes two more of a peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR), a structural similarity index (SSIM), a multiscale structuralsimilarity index (MS-SSIM), a video quality metric (VQM), a weightedPSNR (wPSNR), a weighted-to-spherically uniform PSNR (WS-PSNR), asequence PSNR, a sequence wPSNR, or a sequence WS-PSNR. In the aboveexamples, the quality metric syntax element indicates the value of thequality metric indicated by the quality metric type syntax element.

Destination device 116 may be configured to receive the picture (510).Destination device 116 may further be configured to decode the picture(e.g., using video decoder 300). Destination device 116 may also decodethe quality metrics message that includes the quality metric syntaxelement, wherein the quality metric syntax element indicates the valueof the quality metric related to the picture (512). Destination device116 may be further configured to apply a post-processing technique tothe picture in accordance with the value of the quality metric to form aprocessed picture (514), and display the processed picture (516).

In a further example of the disclosure, destination device 116 may befurther configured to decode a quality metric type syntax element in thequality metrics message, wherein the quality metric type syntax elementindicates a type of quality metric, from among a plurality of types ofquality metrics, indicated by the quality metric syntax element. In oneexample, the plurality of types of quality metrics includes a peaksignal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). In another example, the plurality of typesof quality metrics includes two more of a peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR), a structural similarity index (SSIM), a multiscale structuralsimilarity index (MS-SSIM), a video quality metric (VQM), a weightedPSNR (wPSNR), a weighted-to-spherically uniform PSNR (WS-PSNR), asequence PSNR, a sequence wPSNR, or a sequence WS-PSNR. In the aboveexamples, the quality metric syntax element indicates the value of thequality metric indicated by the quality metric type syntax element.

In one example of the disclosure, the quality metrics message comprisesa quality metrics SEI message. In another example, the quality metricsmessage comprises a quality metrics open bitstream unit (OBU).

In other examples of the disclosure, source device 102 and/ordestination device 116 may be configured to code a second qualitymetrics message that includes a second quality metric syntax element,wherein the second quality metric syntax element indicates a secondvalue of a second quality metric related to a subpicture orregion-of-interest of the picture.

For purposes of explanation, the above techniques are described in thecontext of VVC (ITU-T H.266, under development), and HEVC (ITU-T H.265).However, the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by videoencoding devices that are configured to other video coding standards andvideo coding formats, such as AV1, future versions of AV1, andsuccessors to the AV1 video coding format. For instance, as opposed tobeing SEI messages, the messages may be packetized data such as openbitstream units (OBUs) that include at least some of the metadatadescribed in the present disclosure. As one example, some or all of theabove-described syntax included within the picture orientation SEImessage may be included within a picture orientation OBU such that thepicture orientation OBU includes one or more of a cancel flag, apersistence flag, a constituent picture matching flag, or a transformtype syntax element. As another example, some or all of theabove-described syntax included within the picture quality metrics SEImessage may be included within a picture quality metrics OBU such thatthe picture quality metrics OBU includes one or more syntax elementsindicative of a quality metric of the picture.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 200 thatmay perform the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 6 is provided forpurposes of explanation and should not be considered limiting of thetechniques as broadly exemplified and described in this disclosure. Forpurposes of explanation, this disclosure describes video encoder 200according to the techniques of VVC (ITU-T H.266, under development), andHEVC (ITU-T H.265). However, the techniques of this disclosure may beperformed by video encoding devices that are configured to other videocoding standards and video coding formats, such as AV1 and successors tothe AV1 video coding format.

In the example of FIG. 6, video encoder 200 includes video data memory230, mode selection unit 202, residual generation unit 204, transformprocessing unit 206, quantization unit 208, inverse quantization unit210, inverse transform processing unit 212, reconstruction unit 214,filter unit 216, decoded picture buffer (DPB) 218, and entropy encodingunit 220. Any or all of video data memory 230, mode selection unit 202,residual generation unit 204, transform processing unit 206,quantization unit 208, inverse quantization unit 210, inverse transformprocessing unit 212, reconstruction unit 214, filter unit 216, DPB 218,and entropy encoding unit 220 may be implemented in one or moreprocessors or in processing circuitry. For instance, the units of videoencoder 200 may be implemented as one or more circuits or logic elementsas part of hardware circuitry, or as part of a processor, ASIC, or FPGA.Moreover, video encoder 200 may include additional or alternativeprocessors or processing circuitry to perform these and other functions.

Video data memory 230 may store video data to be encoded by thecomponents of video encoder 200. Video encoder 200 may receive the videodata stored in video data memory 230 from, for example, video source 104(FIG. 1). DPB 218 may act as a reference picture memory that storesreference video data for use in prediction of subsequent video data byvideo encoder 200. Video data memory 230 and DPB 218 may be formed byany of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory(DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM),resistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. Video datamemory 230 and DPB 218 may be provided by the same memory device orseparate memory devices. In various examples, video data memory 230 maybe on-chip with other components of video encoder 200, as illustrated,or off-chip relative to those components.

In this disclosure, reference to video data memory 230 should not beinterpreted as being limited to memory internal to video encoder 200,unless specifically described as such, or memory external to videoencoder 200, unless specifically described as such. Rather, reference tovideo data memory 230 should be understood as reference memory thatstores video data that video encoder 200 receives for encoding (e.g.,video data for a current block that is to be encoded). Memory 106 ofFIG. 1 may also provide temporary storage of outputs from the variousunits of video encoder 200.

The various units of FIG. 6 are illustrated to assist with understandingthe operations performed by video encoder 200. The units may beimplemented as fixed-function circuits, programmable circuits, or acombination thereof. Fixed-function circuits refer to circuits thatprovide particular functionality, and are preset on the operations thatcan be performed. Programmable circuits refer to circuits that can beprogrammed to perform various tasks, and provide flexible functionalityin the operations that can be performed. For instance, programmablecircuits may execute software or firmware that cause the programmablecircuits to operate in the manner defined by instructions of thesoftware or firmware. Fixed-function circuits may execute softwareinstructions (e.g., to receive parameters or output parameters), but thetypes of operations that the fixed-function circuits perform aregenerally immutable. In some examples, one or more of the units may bedistinct circuit blocks (fixed-function or programmable), and in someexamples, one or more of the units may be integrated circuits.

Video encoder 200 may include arithmetic logic units (ALUs), elementaryfunction units (EFUs), digital circuits, analog circuits, and/orprogrammable cores, formed from programmable circuits. In examples wherethe operations of video encoder 200 are performed using softwareexecuted by the programmable circuits, memory 106 (FIG. 1) may store theinstructions (e.g., object code) of the software that video encoder 200receives and executes, or another memory within video encoder 200 (notshown) may store such instructions.

Video data memory 230 is configured to store received video data. Videoencoder 200 may retrieve a picture of the video data from video datamemory 230 and provide the video data to residual generation unit 204and mode selection unit 202. Video data in video data memory 230 may beraw video data that is to be encoded.

Mode selection unit 202 includes a motion estimation unit 222, a motioncompensation unit 224, and an intra-prediction unit 226. Mode selectionunit 202 may include additional functional units to perform videoprediction in accordance with other prediction modes. As examples, modeselection unit 202 may include a palette unit, an intra-block copy unit(which may be part of motion estimation unit 222 and/or motioncompensation unit 224), an affine unit, a linear model (LM) unit, or thelike.

Mode selection unit 202 generally coordinates multiple encoding passesto test combinations of encoding parameters and resultingrate-distortion values for such combinations. The encoding parametersmay include partitioning of CTUs into CUs, prediction modes for the CUs,transform types for residual data of the CUs, quantization parametersfor residual data of the CUs, and so on. Mode selection unit 202 mayultimately select the combination of encoding parameters havingrate-distortion values that are better than the other testedcombinations.

Video encoder 200 may partition a picture retrieved from video datamemory 230 into a series of CTUs, and encapsulate one or more CTUswithin a slice. Mode selection unit 202 may partition a CTU of thepicture in accordance with a tree structure, such as the MTT structure,QTBT structure. superblock structure, or the quad-tree structuredescribed above. As described above, video encoder 200 may form one ormore CUs from partitioning a CTU according to the tree structure. Such aCU may also be referred to generally as a “video block” or “block.”

In general, mode selection unit 202 also controls the components thereof(e.g., motion estimation unit 222, motion compensation unit 224, andintra-prediction unit 226) to generate a prediction block for a currentblock (e.g., a current CU, or in HEVC, the overlapping portion of a PUand a TU). For inter-prediction of a current block, motion estimationunit 222 may perform a motion search to identify one or more closelymatching reference blocks in one or more reference pictures (e.g., oneor more previously coded pictures stored in DPB 218). In particular,motion estimation unit 222 may calculate a value representative of howsimilar a potential reference block is to the current block, e.g.,according to sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squareddifferences (SSD), mean absolute difference (MAD), mean squareddifferences (MSD), or the like. Motion estimation unit 222 may generallyperform these calculations using sample-by-sample differences betweenthe current block and the reference block being considered. Motionestimation unit 222 may identify a reference block having a lowest valueresulting from these calculations, indicating a reference block thatmost closely matches the current block.

Motion estimation unit 222 may form one or more motion vectors (MVs)that defines the positions of the reference blocks in the referencepictures relative to the position of the current block in a currentpicture. Motion estimation unit 222 may then provide the motion vectorsto motion compensation unit 224. For example, for uni-directionalinter-prediction, motion estimation unit 222 may provide a single motionvector, whereas for bi-directional inter-prediction, motion estimationunit 222 may provide two motion vectors. Motion compensation unit 224may then generate a prediction block using the motion vectors. Forexample, motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data of the referenceblock using the motion vector. As another example, if the motion vectorhas fractional sample precision, motion compensation unit 224 mayinterpolate values for the prediction block according to one or moreinterpolation filters. Moreover, for bi-directional inter-prediction,motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve data for two reference blocksidentified by respective motion vectors and combine the retrieved data,e.g., through sample-by-sample averaging or weighted averaging.

When operating according to the AV1 video coding format, motionestimation unit 222 and motion compensation unit 224 may be configuredto encode coding blocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma codingblocks) using translational motion compensation, affine motioncompensation, overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC), and/orcompound inter-intra prediction.

As another example, for intra-prediction, or intra-prediction coding,intra-prediction unit 226 may generate the prediction block from samplesneighboring the current block. For example, for directional modes,intra-prediction unit 226 may generally mathematically combine values ofneighboring samples and populate these calculated values in the defineddirection across the current block to produce the prediction block. Asanother example, for DC mode, intra-prediction unit 226 may calculate anaverage of the neighboring samples to the current block and generate theprediction block to include this resulting average for each sample ofthe prediction block.

When operating according to the AV1 video coding format, intraprediction unit 226 may be configured to encode coding blocks of videodata (e.g., both luma and chroma coding blocks) using directional intraprediction, non-directional intra prediction, recursive filter intraprediction, chroma-from-luma (CFL) prediction, intra block copy (IBC),and/or color palette mode. Mode selection unit 202 may includeadditional functional units to perform video prediction in accordancewith other prediction modes.

Mode selection unit 202 provides the prediction block to residualgeneration unit 204. Residual generation unit 204 receives a raw,unencoded version of the current block from video data memory 230 andthe prediction block from mode selection unit 202. Residual generationunit 204 calculates sample-by-sample differences between the currentblock and the prediction block. The resulting sample-by-sampledifferences define a residual block for the current block. In someexamples, residual generation unit 204 may also determine differencesbetween sample values in the residual block to generate a residual blockusing residual differential pulse code modulation (RDPCM). In someexamples, residual generation unit 204 may be formed using one or moresubtractor circuits that perform binary subtraction.

In examples where mode selection unit 202 partitions CUs into PUs, eachPU may be associated with a luma prediction unit and correspondingchroma prediction units. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 maysupport PUs having various sizes. As indicated above, the size of a CUmay refer to the size of the luma coding block of the CU and the size ofa PU may refer to the size of a luma prediction unit of the PU. Assumingthat the size of a particular CU is 2N×2N, video encoder 200 may supportPU sizes of 2N×2N or N×N for intra prediction, and symmetric PU sizes of2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, N×N, or similar for inter prediction. Video encoder200 and video decoder 300 may also support asymmetric partitioning forPU sizes of 2N×nU, 2N×nD, nL×2N, and nR×2N for inter prediction.

In examples where mode selection unit 202 does not further partition aCU into PUs, each CU may be associated with a luma coding block andcorresponding chroma coding blocks. As above, the size of a CU may referto the size of the luma coding block of the CU. The video encoder 200and video decoder 300 may support CU sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, or N×2N.

For other video coding techniques such as an intra-block copy modecoding, an affine-mode coding, and linear model (LM) mode coding, assome examples, mode selection unit 202, via respective units associatedwith the coding techniques, generates a prediction block for the currentblock being encoded. In some examples, such as palette mode coding, modeselection unit 202 may not generate a prediction block, and insteadgenerate syntax elements that indicate the manner in which toreconstruct the block based on a selected palette. In such modes, modeselection unit 202 may provide these syntax elements to entropy encodingunit 220 to be encoded.

As described above, residual generation unit 204 receives the video datafor the current block and the corresponding prediction block. Residualgeneration unit 204 then generates a residual block for the currentblock. To generate the residual block, residual generation unit 204calculates sample-by-sample differences between the prediction block andthe current block.

Transform processing unit 206 applies one or more transforms to theresidual block to generate a block of transform coefficients (referredto herein as a “transform coefficient block”). Transform processing unit206 may apply various transforms to a residual block to form thetransform coefficient block. For example, transform processing unit 206may apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a directional transform, aKarhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), or a conceptually similar transform to aresidual block. In some examples, transform processing unit 206 mayperform multiple transforms to a residual block, e.g., a primarytransform and a secondary transform, such as a rotational transform. Insome examples, transform processing unit 206 does not apply transformsto a residual block.

When operating according to AV1, transform processing unit 206 may applyone or more transforms to the residual block to generate a block oftransform coefficients (referred to herein as a “transform coefficientblock”). Transform processing unit 206 may apply various transforms to aresidual block to form the transform coefficient block. For example,transform processing unit 206 may apply a horizontal/vertical transformcombination that may include a discrete cosine transform (DCT), anasymmetric discrete sine transform (ADST), a flipped ADST (e.g., an ADSTin reverse order), and an identity transform (IDTX). When using anidentity transform, the transform is skipped in one of the vertical orhorizontal directions. In some examples, transform processing may beskipped.

Quantization unit 208 may quantize the transform coefficients in atransform coefficient block, to produce a quantized transformcoefficient block. Quantization unit 208 may quantize transformcoefficients of a transform coefficient block according to aquantization parameter (QP) value associated with the current block.Video encoder 200 (e.g., via mode selection unit 202) may adjust thedegree of quantization applied to the transform coefficient blocksassociated with the current block by adjusting the QP value associatedwith the CU. Quantization may introduce loss of information, and thus,quantized transform coefficients may have lower precision than theoriginal transform coefficients produced by transform processing unit206.

Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform processing unit 212may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to a quantizedtransform coefficient block, respectively, to reconstruct a residualblock from the transform coefficient block. Reconstruction unit 214 mayproduce a reconstructed block corresponding to the current block (albeitpotentially with some degree of distortion) based on the reconstructedresidual block and a prediction block generated by mode selection unit202. For example, reconstruction unit 214 may add samples of thereconstructed residual block to corresponding samples from theprediction block generated by mode selection unit 202 to produce thereconstructed block.

Filter unit 216 may perform one or more filter operations onreconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 216 may performdeblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of CUs.Operations of filter unit 216 may be skipped, in some examples.

When operating according to AV1, filter unit 216 may perform one or morefilter operations on reconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 216may perform deblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts alongedges of CUs. In other examples, filter unit 216 may apply a constraineddirectional enhancement filter (CDEF), which may be applied afterdeblocking, and may include the application of non-separable,non-linear, low-pass directional filters based on estimated edgedirections. Filter unit 216 may also include a loop restoration filter,which is applied after CDEF, and may include a separable symmetricnormalized Wiener filter or a dual self-guided filter.

Video encoder 200 stores reconstructed blocks in DPB 218. For instance,in examples where operations of filter unit 216 are not performed,reconstruction unit 214 may store reconstructed blocks to DPB 218. Inexamples where operations of filter unit 216 are performed, filter unit216 may store the filtered reconstructed blocks to DPB 218. Motionestimation unit 222 and motion compensation unit 224 may retrieve areference picture from DPB 218, formed from the reconstructed (andpotentially filtered) blocks, to inter-predict blocks of subsequentlyencoded pictures. In addition, intra-prediction unit 226 may usereconstructed blocks in DPB 218 of a current picture to intra-predictother blocks in the current picture.

In general, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode syntax elementsreceived from other functional components of video encoder 200. Forexample, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode quantizedtransform coefficient blocks from quantization unit 208. As anotherexample, entropy encoding unit 220 may entropy encode prediction syntaxelements (e.g., motion information for inter-prediction or intra-modeinformation for intra-prediction) from mode selection unit 202. Entropyencoding unit 220 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations onthe syntax elements, which are another example of video data, togenerate entropy-encoded data. For example, entropy encoding unit 220may perform a context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) operation,a CABAC operation, a variable-to-variable (V2V) length coding operation,a syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC)operation, a Probability Interval Partitioning Entropy (PIPE) codingoperation, an Exponential-Golomb encoding operation, or another type ofentropy encoding operation on the data. In some examples, entropyencoding unit 220 may operate in bypass mode where syntax elements arenot entropy encoded.

Video encoder 200 may output a bitstream that includes the entropyencoded syntax elements needed to reconstruct blocks of a slice orpicture. In particular, entropy encoding unit 220 may output thebitstream.

In accordance with AV1, entropy encoding unit 220 may be configured as asymbol-to-symbol adaptive multi-symbol arithmetic coder. A syntaxelement in AV1 includes an alphabet of N elements, and a context (e.g.,probability model) includes a set of N probabilities. Entropy encodingunit 220 may store the probabilities as n-bit (e.g., 15-bit) cumulativedistribution functions (CDFs). Entropy encoding unit 22 may performrecursive scaling, with an update factor based on the alphabet size, toupdate the contexts.

The operations described above are described with respect to a block.Such description should be understood as being operations for a lumacoding block and/or chroma coding blocks. As described above, in someexamples, the luma coding block and chroma coding blocks are luma andchroma components of a CU. In some examples, the luma coding block andthe chroma coding blocks are luma and chroma components of a PU.

In some examples, operations performed with respect to a luma codingblock need not be repeated for the chroma coding blocks. As one example,operations to identify a motion vector (MV) and reference picture for aluma coding block need not be repeated for identifying a MV andreference picture for the chroma blocks. Rather, the MV for the lumacoding block may be scaled to determine the MV for the chroma blocks,and the reference picture may be the same. As another example, theintra-prediction process may be the same for the luma coding block andthe chroma coding blocks.

In accordance with the SEI techniques discussed above, video encoder 200represents an example of a device configured to encode video dataincluding a memory configured to store video data, and one or moreprocessing units implemented in circuitry and configured to receive apicture, and encode a picture orientation message that includes atransform type syntax element, wherein the transform type syntax elementindicates a transform, from among a plurality of transforms, to beapplied to the picture. Video encoder 200 may further be configured toencode a quality metrics message that includes a quality metric syntaxelement, wherein the quality metric syntax element indicates a value ofa quality metric related to the picture.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder 300 thatmay perform the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 7 is provided forpurposes of explanation and is not limiting on the techniques as broadlyexemplified and described in this disclosure. For purposes ofexplanation, this disclosure describes video decoder 300 according tothe techniques of VVC (ITU-T H.266, under development), and HEVC (ITU-TH.265). However, the techniques of this disclosure may be performed byvideo coding devices that are configured to other video codingstandards.

In the example of FIG. 7, video decoder 300 includes coded picturebuffer (CPB) memory 320, entropy decoding unit 302, predictionprocessing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inverse transformprocessing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, filter unit 312, anddecoded picture buffer (DPB) 314. Any or all of CPB memory 320, entropydecoding unit 302, prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantizationunit 306, inverse transform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit310, filter unit 312, and DPB 314 may be implemented in one or moreprocessors or in processing circuitry. For instance, the units of videodecoder 300 may be implemented as one or more circuits or logic elementsas part of hardware circuitry, or as part of a processor, ASIC, or FPGA.Moreover, video decoder 300 may include additional or alternativeprocessors or processing circuitry to perform these and other functions.

Prediction processing unit 304 includes motion compensation unit 316 andintra-prediction unit 318. Prediction processing unit 304 may includeadditional units to perform prediction in accordance with otherprediction modes. As examples, prediction processing unit 304 mayinclude a palette unit, an intra-block copy unit (which may form part ofmotion compensation unit 316), an affine unit, a linear model (LM) unit,or the like. In other examples, video decoder 300 may include more,fewer, or different functional components.

When operating according to AV1, compensation unit 316 may be configuredto decode coding blocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma codingblocks) using translational motion compensation, affine motioncompensation, OBMC, and/or compound inter-intra prediction, as describedabove. Intra prediction unit 318 may be configured to decode codingblocks of video data (e.g., both luma and chroma coding blocks) usingdirectional intra prediction, non-directional intra prediction,recursive filter intra prediction, CFL, intra block copy (IBC), and/orcolor palette mode, as described above.

CPB memory 320 may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream,to be decoded by the components of video decoder 300. The video datastored in CPB memory 320 may be obtained, for example, fromcomputer-readable medium 110 (FIG. 1). CPB memory 320 may include a CPBthat stores encoded video data (e.g., syntax elements) from an encodedvideo bitstream. Also, CPB memory 320 may store video data other thansyntax elements of a coded picture, such as temporary data representingoutputs from the various units of video decoder 300. DPB 314 generallystores decoded pictures, which video decoder 300 may output and/or useas reference video data when decoding subsequent data or pictures of theencoded video bitstream. CPB memory 320 and DPB 314 may be formed by anyof a variety of memory devices, such as DRAM, including SDRAM, MRAM,RRAM, or other types of memory devices. CPB memory 320 and DPB 314 maybe provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. Invarious examples, CPB memory 320 may be on-chip with other components ofvideo decoder 300, or off-chip relative to those components.

Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, video decoder 300 mayretrieve coded video data from memory 120 (FIG. 1). That is, memory 120may store data as discussed above with CPB memory 320. Likewise, memory120 may store instructions to be executed by video decoder 300, whensome or all of the functionality of video decoder 300 is implemented insoftware to be executed by processing circuitry of video decoder 300.

The various units shown in FIG. 7 are illustrated to assist withunderstanding the operations performed by video decoder 300. The unitsmay be implemented as fixed-function circuits, programmable circuits, ora combination thereof. Similar to FIG. 6, fixed-function circuits referto circuits that provide particular functionality, and are preset on theoperations that can be performed. Programmable circuits refer tocircuits that can be programmed to perform various tasks, and provideflexible functionality in the operations that can be performed. Forinstance, programmable circuits may execute software or firmware thatcause the programmable circuits to operate in the manner defined byinstructions of the software or firmware. Fixed-function circuits mayexecute software instructions (e.g., to receive parameters or outputparameters), but the types of operations that the fixed-functioncircuits perform are generally immutable. In some examples, one or moreof the units may be distinct circuit blocks (fixed-function orprogrammable), and in some examples, one or more of the units may beintegrated circuits.

Video decoder 300 may include ALUs, EFUs, digital circuits, analogcircuits, and/or programmable cores formed from programmable circuits.In examples where the operations of video decoder 300 are performed bysoftware executing on the programmable circuits, on-chip or off-chipmemory may store instructions (e.g., object code) of the software thatvideo decoder 300 receives and executes.

Entropy decoding unit 302 may receive encoded video data from the CPBand entropy decode the video data to reproduce syntax elements.Prediction processing unit 304, inverse quantization unit 306, inversetransform processing unit 308, reconstruction unit 310, and filter unit312 may generate decoded video data based on the syntax elementsextracted from the bitstream.

In general, video decoder 300 reconstructs a picture on a block-by-blockbasis. Video decoder 300 may perform a reconstruction operation on eachblock individually (where the block currently being reconstructed, i.e.,decoded, may be referred to as a “current block”).

Entropy decoding unit 302 may entropy decode syntax elements definingquantized transform coefficients of a quantized transform coefficientblock, as well as transform information, such as a quantizationparameter (QP) and/or transform mode indication(s). Inverse quantizationunit 306 may use the QP associated with the quantized transformcoefficient block to determine a degree of quantization and, likewise, adegree of inverse quantization for inverse quantization unit 306 toapply. Inverse quantization unit 306 may, for example, perform a bitwiseleft-shift operation to inverse quantize the quantized transformcoefficients. Inverse quantization unit 306 may thereby form a transformcoefficient block including transform coefficients.

After inverse quantization unit 306 forms the transform coefficientblock, inverse transform processing unit 308 may apply one or moreinverse transforms to the transform coefficient block to generate aresidual block associated with the current block. For example, inversetransform processing unit 308 may apply an inverse DCT, an inverseinteger transform, an inverse Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), an inverserotational transform, an inverse directional transform, or anotherinverse transform to the transform coefficient block.

Furthermore, prediction processing unit 304 generates a prediction blockaccording to prediction information syntax elements that were entropydecoded by entropy decoding unit 302. For example, if the predictioninformation syntax elements indicate that the current block isinter-predicted, motion compensation unit 316 may generate theprediction block. In this case, the prediction information syntaxelements may indicate a reference picture in DPB 314 from which toretrieve a reference block, as well as a motion vector identifying alocation of the reference block in the reference picture relative to thelocation of the current block in the current picture. Motioncompensation unit 316 may generally perform the inter-prediction processin a manner that is substantially similar to that described with respectto motion compensation unit 224 (FIG. 6).

As another example, if the prediction information syntax elementsindicate that the current block is intra-predicted, intra-predictionunit 318 may generate the prediction block according to anintra-prediction mode indicated by the prediction information syntaxelements. Again, intra-prediction unit 318 may generally perform theintra-prediction process in a manner that is substantially similar tothat described with respect to intra-prediction unit 226 (FIG. 6).Intra-prediction unit 318 may retrieve data of neighboring samples tothe current block from DPB 314.

Reconstruction unit 310 may reconstruct the current block using theprediction block and the residual block. For example, reconstructionunit 310 may add samples of the residual block to corresponding samplesof the prediction block to reconstruct the current block.

Filter unit 312 may perform one or more filter operations onreconstructed blocks. For example, filter unit 312 may performdeblocking operations to reduce blockiness artifacts along edges of thereconstructed blocks. Operations of filter unit 312 are not necessarilyperformed in all examples.

Video decoder 300 may store the reconstructed blocks in DPB 314. Forinstance, in examples where operations of filter unit 312 are notperformed, reconstruction unit 310 may store reconstructed blocks to DPB314. In examples where operations of filter unit 312 are performed,filter unit 312 may store the filtered reconstructed blocks to DPB 314.As discussed above, DPB 314 may provide reference information, such assamples of a current picture for intra-prediction and previously decodedpictures for subsequent motion compensation, to prediction processingunit 304. Moreover, video decoder 300 may output decoded pictures (e.g.,decoded video) from DPB 314 for subsequent presentation on a displaydevice, such as display device 118 of FIG. 1.

In accordance with the SEI techniques discussed above, video decoder 300represents an example of a device configured to decode video dataincluding a memory configured to store video data, and one or moreprocessing units implemented in circuitry and configured to receive apicture, and decode a picture orientation message that includes atransform type syntax element, wherein the transform type syntax elementindicates a transform, from among a plurality of transforms, to beapplied to the picture. Video decoder 300 may further be configured todecode a quality metrics message that includes a quality metric syntaxelement, wherein the quality metric syntax element indicates a value ofa quality metric related to the picture.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for encoding acurrent block in accordance with the techniques of this disclosure. Thecurrent block may comprise a current CU. Although described with respectto video encoder 200 (FIGS. 1 and 6), it should be understood that otherdevices may be configured to perform a method similar to that of FIG. 8.

In this example, video encoder 200 initially predicts the current block(350). For example, video encoder 200 may form a prediction block forthe current block. Video encoder 200 may then calculate a residual blockfor the current block (352). To calculate the residual block, videoencoder 200 may calculate a difference between the original, unencodedblock and the prediction block for the current block. Video encoder 200may then transform the residual block and quantize transformcoefficients of the residual block (354). Next, video encoder 200 mayscan the quantized transform coefficients of the residual block (356).During the scan, or following the scan, video encoder 200 may entropyencode the transform coefficients (358). For example, video encoder 200may encode the transform coefficients using CAVLC or CABAC. Videoencoder 200 may then output the entropy encoded data of the block (360).

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for decoding acurrent block of video data in accordance with the techniques of thisdisclosure. The current block may comprise a current CU. Althoughdescribed with respect to video decoder 300 (FIGS. 1 and 7), it shouldbe understood that other devices may be configured to perform a methodsimilar to that of FIG. 9.

Video decoder 300 may receive entropy encoded data for the currentblock, such as entropy encoded prediction information and entropyencoded data for transform coefficients of a residual blockcorresponding to the current block (370). Video decoder 300 may entropydecode the entropy encoded data to determine prediction information forthe current block and to reproduce transform coefficients of theresidual block (372). Video decoder 300 may predict the current block(374), e.g., using an intra- or inter-prediction mode as indicated bythe prediction information for the current block, to calculate aprediction block for the current block. Video decoder 300 may theninverse scan the reproduced transform coefficients (376), to create ablock of quantized transform coefficients. Video decoder 300 may theninverse quantize the transform coefficients and apply an inversetransform to the transform coefficients to produce a residual block(378). Video decoder 300 may ultimately decode the current block bycombining the prediction block and the residual block (380).

Other illustrative aspects of the techniques and devices of thedisclosure are described below.

Aspect 1A—A method of processing video data, the method comprising:receiving a picture; and coding a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message that includes one or more of acancel flag, a persistence flag, a constituent picture matching flag, ora transform type syntax element, wherein the transform type syntaxelement indicates one or more of a rotation or a mirroring to be appliedto the picture.

Aspect 2A—The method of Aspect 1A, wherein coding comprises decoding,and wherein the method further comprises: processing the picture inaccordance with the picture orientation SEI message.

Aspect 3A—The method of Aspect 1A or Aspect 2A, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 4A—The method of Aspect 1A or Aspect 2A, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit(OBU).

Aspect 5A—The method of claim 1A, wherein coding comprises encoding.

Aspect 6A—A method of processing video data, the method comprising:receiving a picture; and coding a picture quality metrics supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message that includes one or more syntaxelements indicative of a quality metric of the picture.

Aspect 7A—The method of Aspect 6A, wherein coding comprises decoding,and wherein the method further comprises: processing the picture inaccordance with the picture quality metrics SEI message.

Aspect 8A—The method of Aspect 6A or Aspect 7A, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture quality metrics supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 9A—The method of any of Aspects 6A-8A, wherein the picturequality metrics message comprises one or more syntax elements thatindicate quality metrics of one or more subpictures or regions ofinterest of the picture associated with the picture quality metricsmessage.

Aspect 10A—The method of Aspect 9A, wherein the one or more syntaxelements indicate quality metrics of High Dynamic Range (HDR) or 360video content.

Aspect 11A—The method of any of Aspects 6A-10A, wherein coding comprisesencoding.

Aspect 12A—Any combination of methods of Aspects 1A-10A.

Aspect 13A—A device for processing video data, the device comprising oneor more means for performing the method of any of Aspects 1A-12A.

Aspect 14A—The device of Aspect 13A, wherein the one or more meanscomprise one or more processors implemented in circuitry.

Aspect 15A—The device of any of Aspects 13A and 14A, further comprisinga memory to store the video data.

Aspect 16A—The device of any of Aspects 13A-15A, further comprising adisplay configured to display decoded video data.

Aspect 17A—The device of any of Aspects 13A-16A, wherein the devicecomprises one or more of a camera, a computer, a mobile device, abroadcast receiver device, or a set-top box.

Aspect 18A—The device of any of Aspects 13A-17A, wherein the devicecomprises a video decoder.

Aspect 19A—The device of any of Aspects 13A-18A, wherein the devicecomprises a video encoder.

Aspect 20A—A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereoninstructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors toperform the method of any of Aspects 1A-12A.

Aspect 1B—A method of processing video data, the method comprising:receiving a picture; and coding a picture orientation message thatincludes a transform type syntax element, wherein the transform typesyntax element indicates a transform, from among a plurality oftransforms, to be applied to the picture.

Aspect 2B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein the plurality of transformsincludes two or more of a rotation transform, a mirroring transform, ora combination of the rotation and mirroring transforms.

Aspect 3B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein the plurality of transformsincludes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroring transform,a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwise rotationtransform, a third transform comprising the 180 degree anticlockwisetransform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fourthtransform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transform comprising the 90degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transform comprising a 270degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroringtransform, and a seventh transform comprising the 270 degreeanticlockwise transform.

Aspect 4B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein the transform type syntaxelement further includes a value that indicates no transform is to beapplied.

Aspect 5B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein the picture orientationmessage further includes a cancel flag and a persistence flag, whereinthe cancel flag indicates whether previous persistence flags arecancelled, and wherein the persistence flag indicates whether thepicture orientation message applies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 6B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein coding comprises decoding,and wherein the method further comprises: applying the transform to thepicture in accordance with the transform type syntax element to form atransformed picture; and displaying the transformed picture.

Aspect 7B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation supplemental enhancementinformation (SEI) message.

Aspect 8B—The method of Aspect 1B, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit (OBU).

Aspect 9B—An apparatus configured to process video data, the apparatuscomprising: a memory configured to store a picture; and one or moreprocessors implemented in circuitry and in communication with thememory, the one or more processors configured to: receive the picture;and code a picture orientation message that includes a transform typesyntax element, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.

Aspect 10B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes two or more of a rotation transform, a mirroringtransform, or a combination of a rotation and mirroring transform.

Aspect 11B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroringtransform, a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwiserotation transform, a third transform comprising the 180 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fourth transform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transformfollowed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transformcomprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transformcomprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transform comprising the270 degree anticlockwise transform.

Aspect 12B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the transform type syntaxelement further includes a value that indicates no transform is to beapplied.

Aspect 13B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the picture orientationmessage further includes a cancel flag and a persistence flag, whereinthe cancel flag indicates whether previous persistence flags arecancelled, and wherein the persistence flag indicates whether thepicture orientation message applies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 14B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the apparatus isconfigured to decode the picture orientation message, and wherein theone or more processors are further configured to: apply the transform tothe picture in accordance with the transform type syntax element to forma transformed picture; and display the transformed picture.

Aspect 15B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation supplemental enhancementinformation (SEI) message.

Aspect 16B—The apparatus of Aspect 9B, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit (OBU).

Aspect 17B—An apparatus configured to process video data, the apparatuscomprising: means for receiving a picture; and means for coding apicture orientation message that includes a transform type syntaxelement, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.

Aspect 18B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes two or more of a rotation transform, a mirroringtransform, or a combination of the rotation and mirroring transforms.

Aspect 19B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroringtransform, a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwiserotation transform, a third transform comprising the 180 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fourth transform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transformfollowed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transformcomprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transformcomprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transform comprising the270 degree anticlockwise transform.

Aspect 20B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the transform typesyntax element further includes a value that indicates no transform isto be applied.

Aspect 21B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the picture orientationmessage further includes a cancel flag and a persistence flag, whereinthe cancel flag indicates whether previous persistence flags arecancelled, and wherein the persistence flag indicates whether thepicture orientation message applies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 22B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the means for codingcomprises means for decoding, and wherein the apparatus furthercomprises: means for applying the transform to the picture in accordancewith the transform type syntax element to form a transformed picture;and means for displaying the transformed picture.

Aspect 23B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation supplemental enhancementinformation (SEI) message.

Aspect 24B—The apparatus of Aspect 17B, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit (OBU).

Aspect 25B—A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storinginstructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of adevice configured to process video data to: receive a picture; and codea picture orientation message that includes a transform type syntaxelement, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.

Aspect 26B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the plurality of transforms includes two or more of arotation transform, a mirroring transform, or a combination of arotation and mirroring transform.

Aspect 27B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the plurality of transforms includes a first transformcomprising a horizontal mirroring transform, a second transformcomprising a 180 degree anticlockwise rotation transform, a thirdtransform comprising the 180 degree anticlockwise transform followed bythe horizontal mirroring transform, a fourth transform comprising a 90degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroringtransform, a fifth transform comprising the 90 degree anticlockwisetransform, a sixth transform comprising a 270 degree anticlockwisetransform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform, and a seventhtransform comprising the 270 degree anticlockwise transform.

Aspect 28B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the transform type syntax element further includes a valuethat indicates no transform is to be applied.

Aspect 29B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the picture orientation message further includes a cancelflag and a persistence flag, wherein the cancel flag indicates whetherprevious persistence flags are cancelled, and wherein the persistenceflag indicates whether the picture orientation message applies tosubsequent pictures.

Aspect 30B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the device is configured to decode the picture orientationmessage, and wherein the instructions further cause the one or moreprocessors to: apply the transform to the picture in accordance with thetransform type syntax element to form a transformed picture; and displaythe transformed picture.

Aspect 31B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the picture orientation message comprises a pictureorientation supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 32B—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25B, wherein the picture orientation message comprises a pictureorientation open bitstream unit (OBU).

Aspect 1C—A method of processing video data, the method comprising:receiving a picture; and coding a picture orientation message thatincludes a transform type syntax element, wherein the transform typesyntax element indicates a transform, from among a plurality oftransforms, to be applied to the picture.

Aspect 2C—The method of Aspect 1C, wherein the plurality of transformsincludes two or more of a rotation transform, a mirroring transform, ora combination of the rotation and mirroring transforms.

Aspect 3C—The method of Aspect 1C, wherein the plurality of transformsincludes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroring transform,a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwise rotationtransform, a third transform comprising the 180 degree anticlockwisetransform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fourthtransform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transform comprising the 90degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transform comprising a 270degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroringtransform, and a seventh transform comprising the 270 degreeanticlockwise transform.

Aspect 4C—The method of any of Aspects 1C-3C, wherein the transform typesyntax element further includes a value that indicates no transform isto be applied.

Aspect 5C—The method of any of Aspects 1C-4C, wherein the pictureorientation message further includes a cancel flag and a persistenceflag, wherein the cancel flag indicates whether previous persistenceflags are cancelled, and wherein the persistence flag indicates whetherthe picture orientation message applies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 6C—The method of any of Aspects 1C-5C, wherein coding comprisesdecoding, and wherein the method further comprises: applying thetransform to the picture in accordance with the transform type syntaxelement to form a transformed picture; and displaying the transformedpicture.

Aspect 7C—The method of any of Aspects 1C-6C, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 8C—The method of any of Aspects 1C-6C, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit(OBU).

Aspect 9C—An apparatus configured to process video data, the apparatuscomprising: a memory configured to store a picture; and one or moreprocessors implemented in circuitry and in communication with thememory, the one or more processors configured to: receive the picture;and code a picture orientation message that includes a transform typesyntax element, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.

Aspect 10C—The apparatus of Aspect 9C, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes two or more of a rotation transform, a mirroringtransform, or a combination of a rotation and mirroring transform.

Aspect 11C—The apparatus of Aspect 9C, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroringtransform, a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwiserotation transform, a third transform comprising the 180 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fourth transform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transformfollowed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transformcomprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transformcomprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transform comprising the270 degree anticlockwise transform.

Aspect 12C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 9C-11C, wherein the transformtype syntax element further includes a value that indicates no transformis to be applied.

Aspect 13C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 9C-12C, wherein the pictureorientation message further includes a cancel flag and a persistenceflag, wherein the cancel flag indicates whether previous persistenceflags are cancelled, and wherein the persistence flag indicates whetherthe picture orientation message applies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 14C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 9C-13C, wherein the apparatusis configured to decode the picture orientation message, and wherein theone or more processors are further configured to: apply the transform tothe picture in accordance with the transform type syntax element to forma transformed picture; and display the transformed picture.

Aspect 15C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 9C-14C, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 16C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 9C-14C, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit(OBU).

Aspect 17C—An apparatus configured to process video data, the apparatuscomprising: means for receiving a picture; and means for coding apicture orientation message that includes a transform type syntaxelement, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.

Aspect 18C—The apparatus of Aspect 17C, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes two or more of a rotation transform, a mirroringtransform, or a combination of the rotation and mirroring transforms.

Aspect 19C—The apparatus of Aspect 17C, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroringtransform, a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwiserotation transform, a third transform comprising the 180 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fourth transform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transformfollowed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transformcomprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transformcomprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transform comprising the270 degree anticlockwise transform.

Aspect 20C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 17C-19C, wherein thetransform type syntax element further includes a value that indicates notransform is to be applied.

Aspect 21C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 17C-20C, wherein the pictureorientation message further includes a cancel flag and a persistenceflag, wherein the cancel flag indicates whether previous persistenceflags are cancelled, and wherein the persistence flag indicates whetherthe picture orientation message applies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 22C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 17C-21C, wherein the meansfor coding comprises means for decoding, and wherein the apparatusfurther comprises: means for applying the transform to the picture inaccordance with the transform type syntax element to form a transformedpicture; and means for displaying the transformed picture.

Aspect 23C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 17C-22C, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 24C—The apparatus of any of Aspects 17C-22C, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit(OBU).

Aspect 25C—A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storinginstructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of adevice configured to process video data to: receive a picture; and codea picture orientation message that includes a transform type syntaxelement, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.

Aspect 26C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25C, wherein the plurality of transforms includes two or more of arotation transform, a mirroring transform, or a combination of arotation and mirroring transform.

Aspect 27C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Aspect25C, wherein the plurality of transforms includes a first transformcomprising a horizontal mirroring transform, a second transformcomprising a 180 degree anticlockwise rotation transform, a thirdtransform comprising the 180 degree anticlockwise transform followed bythe horizontal mirroring transform, a fourth transform comprising a 90degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroringtransform, a fifth transform comprising the 90 degree anticlockwisetransform, a sixth transform comprising a 270 degree anticlockwisetransform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform, and a seventhtransform comprising the 270 degree anticlockwise transform.

Aspect 28C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofAspects 25C-27C, wherein the transform type syntax element furtherincludes a value that indicates no transform is to be applied.

Aspect 29C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofAspects 25C-28C, wherein the picture orientation message furtherincludes a cancel flag and a persistence flag, wherein the cancel flagindicates whether previous persistence flags are cancelled, and whereinthe persistence flag indicates whether the picture orientation messageapplies to subsequent pictures.

Aspect 30C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofAspects 25C-29C, wherein the device is configured to decode the pictureorientation message, and wherein the instructions further cause the oneor more processors to: apply the transform to the picture in accordancewith the transform type syntax element to form a transformed picture;and display the transformed picture.

Aspect 31C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofAspects 25C-30C, wherein the picture orientation message comprises apicture orientation supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message.

Aspect 32C—The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofAspects 25C-30C, wherein the picture orientation message comprises apicture orientation open bitstream unit (OBU).

It is to be recognized that depending on the example, certain acts orevents of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in adifferent sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g.,not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of thetechniques). Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may beperformed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing,interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implementedin software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as oneor more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executedby a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may includecomputer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible mediumsuch as data storage media, or communication media including any mediumthat facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place toanother, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner,computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangiblecomputer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) acommunication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storagemedia may be any available media that can be accessed by one or morecomputers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, codeand/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described inthis disclosure. A computer program product may include acomputer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storagemedia can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical diskstorage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flashmemory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired programcode in the form of instructions or data structures and that can beaccessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed acomputer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmittedfrom a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable,fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), orwireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then thecoaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wirelesstechnologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in thedefinition of medium. It should be understood, however, thatcomputer-readable storage media and data storage media do not includeconnections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but areinstead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk anddisc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, opticaldisc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc, wheredisks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce dataoptically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be includedwithin the scope of computer-readable media.

Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one ormore DSPs, general purpose microprocessors, ASICs, FPGAs, or otherequivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, theterms “processor” and “processing circuitry,” as used herein may referto any of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable forimplementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in someaspects, the functionality described herein may be provided withindedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding anddecoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniquescould be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide varietyof devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integratedcircuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components,modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasizefunctional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosedtechniques, but do not necessarily require realization by differenthardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may becombined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection ofinteroperative hardware units, including one or more processors asdescribed above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples arewithin the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of processing video data, the methodcomprising: receiving a picture; and coding a picture orientationmessage that includes a transform type syntax element, wherein thetransform type syntax element indicates a transform, from among aplurality of transforms, to be applied to the picture.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality of transforms includes two or more of arotation transform, a mirroring transform, or a combination of therotation and mirroring transforms.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theplurality of transforms includes a first transform comprising ahorizontal mirroring transform, a second transform comprising a 180degree anticlockwise rotation transform, a third transform comprisingthe 180 degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontalmirroring transform, a fourth transform comprising a 90 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fifth transform comprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, asixth transform comprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followedby the horizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transformcomprising the 270 degree anticlockwise transform.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the transform type syntax element further includes avalue that indicates no transform is to be applied.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the picture orientation message further includes acancel flag and a persistence flag, wherein the cancel flag indicateswhether previous persistence flags are cancelled, and wherein thepersistence flag indicates whether the picture orientation messageapplies to subsequent pictures.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein codingcomprises decoding, and wherein the method further comprises: applyingthe transform to the picture in accordance with the transform typesyntax element to form a transformed picture; and displaying thetransformed picture.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereinthe picture orientation message comprises a picture orientation openbitstream unit (OBU).
 9. An apparatus configured to process video data,the apparatus comprising: a memory configured to store a picture; andone or more processors implemented in circuitry and in communicationwith the memory, the one or more processors configured to: receive thepicture; and code a picture orientation message that includes atransform type syntax element, wherein the transform type syntax elementindicates a transform, from among a plurality of transforms, to beapplied to the picture.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein theplurality of transforms includes two or more of a rotation transform, amirroring transform, or a combination of a rotation and mirroringtransform.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroringtransform, a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwiserotation transform, a third transform comprising the 180 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fourth transform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transformfollowed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transformcomprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transformcomprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transform comprising the270 degree anticlockwise transform.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the transform type syntax element further includes a value thatindicates no transform is to be applied.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the picture orientation message further includes a cancel flagand a persistence flag, wherein the cancel flag indicates whetherprevious persistence flags are cancelled, and wherein the persistenceflag indicates whether the picture orientation message applies tosubsequent pictures.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the apparatusis configured to decode the picture orientation message, and wherein theone or more processors are further configured to: apply the transform tothe picture in accordance with the transform type syntax element to forma transformed picture; and display the transformed picture.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the picture orientation message comprisesa picture orientation supplemental enhancement information (SEI)message.
 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the picture orientationmessage comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit (OBU). 17.An apparatus configured to process video data, the apparatus comprising:means for receiving a picture; and means for coding a pictureorientation message that includes a transform type syntax element,wherein the transform type syntax element indicates a transform, fromamong a plurality of transforms, to be applied to the picture.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the plurality of transforms includes twoor more of a rotation transform, a mirroring transform, or a combinationof the rotation and mirroring transforms.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17,wherein the plurality of transforms includes a first transformcomprising a horizontal mirroring transform, a second transformcomprising a 180 degree anticlockwise rotation transform, a thirdtransform comprising the 180 degree anticlockwise transform followed bythe horizontal mirroring transform, a fourth transform comprising a 90degree anticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroringtransform, a fifth transform comprising the 90 degree anticlockwisetransform, a sixth transform comprising a 270 degree anticlockwisetransform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform, and a seventhtransform comprising the 270 degree anticlockwise transform.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the transform type syntax element furtherincludes a value that indicates no transform is to be applied.
 21. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the picture orientation message furtherincludes a cancel flag and a persistence flag, wherein the cancel flagindicates whether previous persistence flags are cancelled, and whereinthe persistence flag indicates whether the picture orientation messageapplies to subsequent pictures.
 22. The apparatus of claim 17, whereinthe means for coding comprises means for decoding, and wherein theapparatus further comprises: means for applying the transform to thepicture in accordance with the transform type syntax element to form atransformed picture; and means for displaying the transformed picture.23. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the picture orientation messagecomprises a picture orientation supplemental enhancement information(SEI) message.
 24. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit(OBU).
 25. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storinginstructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of adevice configured to process video data to: receive a picture; and codea picture orientation message that includes a transform type syntaxelement, wherein the transform type syntax element indicates atransform, from among a plurality of transforms, to be applied to thepicture.
 26. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 25, wherein the plurality of transforms includes two or more of arotation transform, a mirroring transform, or a combination of arotation and mirroring transform.
 27. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 25, wherein the plurality oftransforms includes a first transform comprising a horizontal mirroringtransform, a second transform comprising a 180 degree anticlockwiserotation transform, a third transform comprising the 180 degreeanticlockwise transform followed by the horizontal mirroring transform,a fourth transform comprising a 90 degree anticlockwise transformfollowed by the horizontal mirroring transform, a fifth transformcomprising the 90 degree anticlockwise transform, a sixth transformcomprising a 270 degree anticlockwise transform followed by thehorizontal mirroring transform, and a seventh transform comprising the270 degree anticlockwise transform.
 28. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 25, wherein the transform typesyntax element further includes a value that indicates no transform isto be applied.
 29. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumof claim 25, wherein the picture orientation message further includes acancel flag and a persistence flag, wherein the cancel flag indicateswhether previous persistence flags are cancelled, and wherein thepersistence flag indicates whether the picture orientation messageapplies to subsequent pictures.
 30. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 25, wherein the device is configured to decodethe picture orientation message, and wherein the instructions furthercause the one or more processors to: apply the transform to the picturein accordance with the transform type syntax element to form atransformed picture; and display the transformed picture.
 31. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 25, wherein thepicture orientation message comprises a picture orientation supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message.
 32. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 25, wherein the pictureorientation message comprises a picture orientation open bitstream unit(OBU).